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| NYU Psychology | Programs | Courses | Research | Faculty | People | Events | Contacts | [Internal] |
| John Jost | |
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| Research | Biography | Publications | Address |
Professor of Psychology Visit the Jost Lab ResearchMost of my work focuses on theoretical and empirical implications of a system justification theory, which was first proposed by Jost and Banaji (1994) and updated by Jost, Banaji, and Nosek (2004). There are two major goals of system justification theory, and much of my experimental and survey research has addressed one or both of these goals. The first goal is to understand how and why people provide cognitive and ideological support for the status quo, even when their support appears to conflict with personal and group interests. The second is to analyze the social and psychological consequences of supporting the status quo, especially for members of disadvantaged groups. System justification theory addresses the holding of attitudes that are often contrary to one's own self-interest and therefore contrary to what one would expect on the basis of theories of self-enhancement or rational self-interest. Thus, our research focuses on counter-intuitive outcomes, such as the internalization of unfavorable stereotypes about one's own group, nonconscious biases that perpetuate inequality, attitudinal ambivalence directed at fellow ingroup members who challenge the system, opposition to equality among members of disadvantaged groups, rationalization of anticipated social and political outcomes, and tendencies among members of powerless groups to subjectively enhance the legitimacy of their powerlessness and, in some cases, to show greater support for the system than do members of powerful groups. Current research interests include the study of complementary stereotypes in which members of high and low status groups are seen as possessing distinct sets of advantages and disadvantages. Gender stereotypes, which stress that women are communal but not agentic, whereas men are agentic but not communal, represent one important example of complementary stereotypes that may serve to preserve support for the status quo. Other examples that we have explored include "poor but happy," "rich but miserable," "poor but honest," and "rich but dishonest" stereotypes. Finally, I am interested in the underlying cognitive and motivational
differences between liberals and conservatives. In other words, my collaborators
and I are exploring the psychological basis of political ideology. In particular,
we are carrying out studies to determine whether certain epistemic and existential
variables (such as uncertainty avoidance, need for cognitive closure, and death
anxiety) are associated more with conservative or right-wing political orientations
than with other political orientations. One focus is on whether certain situational
factors (such as those pertaining to stability and threat) are capable of bringing
about change in the endorsement of political attitudes. BiographyEducation:Ph.D. 1995, M.Phil. 1993, M.S. 1992 (social psychology), Yale UniversityM.A. 1993 (philosophy), University of Cincinnati A.B. 1989 (psychology, human development), Duke University Positions:Associate Professor of Psychology, New York University, 2003-presentAssistant to Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior, Stanford University, 1997-2003 Visiting Scholar, University of Bologna, Italy, 1998 Visiting Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, 1996-1997 Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Maryland at College Park, 1995-1996 Selected Awards and Honors:Morton Deutsch Award for Distinguished Scholarly and Practical Contributions to Social Justice 2007 Affiliations:Editor, Social
Justice Research, 2004- 2009 Selected PublicationsBooks Jost, J.T., Kay, A.C., & Thorisdottir, H. (Eds.) (in press). Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification. New York: Oxford University Press. [Political Psychology series] Jost, J.T., Banaji, M.R., & Prentice, D. (Eds.) (2004). Perspectivism in social psychology: The yin and yang of scientific progress. Washington, DC: APA Press. Jost, J.T., & Sidanius, J. (Eds.) (2004). Political psychology: Key readings. New York: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis. Jost, J.T., & Major, B. (Eds.) (2001). The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. New York: Cambridge University Press. Selected Journal Articles and Book Chapters (since 2000)Carney, D.R., Jost, J.T., & Gosling, S.D. (in press). The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, forthcoming. Kay, A.C., Czáplinski, S., & Jost, J.T. (in press). Left-right ideological differences in system justification following exposure to complementary versus noncomplementary stereotype exemplars. European Journal of Social Psychology, forthcoming. Napier, J.L., & Jost, J.T. (in press). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychological Science, forthcoming. Hunyady, O., Josephs, L., & Jost, J.T. (2008). Priming the primal scene: Betrayal trauma, narcissism, and attitudes toward sexual infidelity. Self & Identity, forthcoming. Jost, J.T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C.D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2,171-186 [pdf] Mentovich, A., & Jost, J.T. (2008). The ideological “id”? System justification and the unconscious perpetuation of inequality. Connecticut Law Review, forthcoming. Smith, P.K., Jost, J.T., & Vijay, R. (2008). Legitimacy crisis? Behavioral approach and inhibition when power differences are left unexplained. Social Justice Research, expected publication date September 2008. [Special issue, Social Power in Action, guest edited by J. Berdahl Amodio, D.M., Jost, J.T., Master, S.L., & Yee, C.M. (2007). Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism conservatism. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1246-1247. Jost, J.T., Pietrzak, J., Liviatan, I., Mandisodza, A., & Napier, J. (2007). System justification as conscious and nonconscious goal pursuit. In J. Shah & W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation Science. New York: Guilford Kay, A. C., Jost, J.T., Mandisodza, A.N., Sherman, S.J., Petrocelli, J.V., & Johnson, A.L. (2007). Panglossian ideology in the service of system justification: How complementary stereotypes help us to rationalize inequality. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. (Vol. 39, pp. 305-358). San Diego, CA: Elsevier. Mendes, W.B., Blascovich, J., Hunter, S.B., Lickel, B. & Jost, J.T. (2007). Threatened by the unexpected: Physiological responses during social interactions with expectancy-violating partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 698-716.. Thorisdottir, H., Jost, J.T., Liviatan, I., & Shrout, P. (2007). Psychological needs and values underlying left-right political orientation: Cross-national evidence from Eastern and Western Europe. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71, 175-203. Tyler, T.R., & Jost, J.T. (2007). Psychology and the law: Reconciling normative and descriptive accounts of social justice and system legitimacy. In A.W. Kruglanski & E.T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 807-825). New York: Guilford. Wakslak, C., Jost, J.T., Tyler, T.R., & Chen, E. (2007). Moral outrage mediates the dampening effect of system justification on support for redistributive social policies. Psychological Science, 18, 267-274. Jost, J.T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61, 651-670. (Awarded the SPSSI Gordon Allport Prize) Blasi, G., & Jost, J.T. (2006). System justification theory and research: Implications for law, legal advocacy, and social justice. California Law Review, 94, 1119-1168. Bonanno, G.A., & Jost, J.T. (2006). Conservative shift among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 311-323. [Special issue entitled "In the Era of 9/11: Social Psychology and Security."] Mandisodza, A., Jost, J.T., & Unzueta, M. (2006). "Tall poppies" and "American dreams": Reactions to rich and poor in Australia and the U.S.A. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 659-668 Napier, J., Mandisodza, A., Andersen, S.M., & Jost, J.T. (2006). System justification in responding to the poor and displaced in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 6, 57-73. [Special issue on "The Social Science of Katrina and Rita."] Jost, J.T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260-265. Jost, J.T., & Kay, A.C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498-509. Jost, J.T., Kivetz, Y., Rubini, M., Guermandi, G., & Mosso, C. (2005). System-justifying functions of complementary regional and ethnic stereotypes: Cross-national evidence. Social Justice Research, 18, 305-333. [Special issue on "Legitimating Ideologies," guest edited by T.R. Tyler] Kay, A.C., Jost, J.T., & Young, S. (2005). Victim derogation and victim enhancement as alternate routes to system justification. Psychological Science, 16, 240-246. Jost, J.T., & Hamilton, D.L. (2005). Stereotypes in our culture. In J. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. Rudman (Eds.), On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 208-224). Oxford: Blackwell. Jost, J.T., Banaji, M.R., & Nosek, B.A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-919. Italian Translation Jost, Fitzsimons, & Kay (2004). The ideological animal: A system justification view. In J. Greenberg, S.L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.) Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 263-282). New York: Guilford Press. Overbeck, J., Jost, J.T., Mosso, C., & Flizik, A. (2004). Resistant vs. acquiescent responses to group inferiority as a function of social dominance orientation in the USA and Italy. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 7, 35-54. Kay, A.C., & Jost, J.T. (2003). Complementary justice: Effects of "poor but happy" and "poor but honest" sterotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 823-837. Jost, J.T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A.W., & Sulloway, F. (2003a). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375. Hungarian Translation (Awarded Honorable Mention for the SPSP Theoretical Innovation Prize) Jost, J.T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A.W., & Sulloway, F. (2003b). Exceptions that prove the rule: Using a theory of motivated social cognition to account for ideological incongruities and political anomalies. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 383-393. Blair, I.V., & Jost, J.T. (2003). Exit, loyalty, and collective action among workers in a simulated business environment: Interactive effects of group identification and boundary permeability. Social Justice Research, 16, 95-108. Jost, J.T., Blount, S., Pfeffer, J., & Hunyady, Gy. (2003). Fair market ideology: Its cognitive-motivational underpinnings. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 53-91. Jost, J.T., Pelham, B.W., Sheldon, O., & Sullivan, B.N. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13-36. Hungarian Translation Jost, J.T., Pelham, B.W., & Carvallo, M. (2002). Non-conscious forms of system justification: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral preferences for higher status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 586-602. Hungarian Translation Kay, A., Jimenez, M.C., & Jost, J.T. (2002). Sour grapes, sweet lemons, and the anticipatory rationalization of the status quo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1300-1312. Jost, J.T., & Hunyady, O. (2002). The psychology of system justification and the palliative function of ideology. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 111-153. (Awarded the SPSP Theoretical Innovation Prize) Jost, J.T., & Kruglanski, A.W. (2002). The estrangement of social constructionism and experimental social psychology: History of the rift and prospects for reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 168-187. Italian Translation (abridged) Jost, J.T. (2001). Outgroup favoritism and the theory of system justification: An experimental paradigm for investigating the effects of socio-economic success on stereotype content. In G. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 89-102). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Hungarian Translation Jost, J.T., Burgess, D., & Mosso, C. (2001). Conflicts of legitimation among self, group, and system: The integrative potential of system justification theory. In J.T. Jost and B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 363-388). New York: Cambridge University Press. Hungarian Translation Jost, J.T., & Elsbach, K. (2001). How status and power differences erode personal and social identities at work: A system justification critique of organizational applications of social identity theory. In M.A. Hogg & D.J. Terry (Eds.), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 181-196). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis. Stangor, C., Sechrist, G.B., & Jost, J.T. (2001). Changing racial beliefs by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 486-496. Zuckerman, E., & Jost, J.T. (2001). What makes you think you're so popular? Self-evaluation maintenance and the subjective side of the "friendship paradox." Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 207-223. Haines, E.L., & Jost, J.T. (2000). Placating the powerless: Effects of legitimate and illegitimate explanation on affect, memory, and stereotyping. Social Justice Research, 13, 219-236. Hungarian Translation Jost, J.T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293-305. Jost, J.T., & Thompson, E.P. (2000). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 209-232. Hungarian Translation To request reprints (electronic or hard copy) please contact: Briehan Truesdell at briehan.truesdell@nyu.edu
Media WeblinksResearch on Stereotyping and System Justification:
Diminished Sense of Moral Outrage Key to Maintaining View That World Is Fair and Just
Kruglanski & Jost Editorial in the Washington Post Jost Op-Ed in The London Times (Higher Education Supplement) Research on Political Ideology: Research Shows Political Leanings Depend on How Brain Processes Information Book Reviews of The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations: Book Review of Political Psychology: Key Readings Jost, J. T. (2006). Political psychology: The perils of prognostication. Science, 312, 1876-1877. Listen to the Equal Time for Free Thought radio interview with George Lakoff and John Jost on "The Science of Conservatism." The interview is in two parts. Click on episodes 151 and 152 at http://www.njhn.org/etff_archives.html to download and listen.
AddressJohn T. Jost Department
of Psychology
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